I don't have any infographics on me, but I wear suits for a living.
Coloration, Patterning, and Matching for Formal Wear
A traditional suit is a
>jacket
>a shirt
>slacks
>necktie and pocket square
>shoes
>accessories
No, a vest is not necessary, and can be detrimental. We'll get to that. Now, arranged in order of importance:
The Formal Jacket
For formal wear, jacket patterning comes in one of two varieties. Solid color or Pinstripe.
There are a lot of styles nowadays that, for whatever reason, are made with exaggerated stitching, or distressed/nontraditional textures. Avoid these. They may be "in style," but you'll end up looking tacky at best, and downright ugly otherwise. Stay traditional, stay classy for time immemorial.
>Regarding color
For the beginner choose a jacket with the primary color being Black, Navy Blue, or Charcoal Gray. These are generally universal, match to a lot, and are easy to come across.
>regarding pattern
Solid colors are easier to match to, and tend to turn the wearer into a larger figure. A titan, an obelisk.
Pinstriping has the benefits of causing the wearer to appear slimmer and taller, at the expense of being a bit harder to match to.
>regarding cut
There are (3) styles of cut a jacket will have: Italian, English, and American.
>An Italian cut has the broadest of shoulders out of the 3 and a single vent (the slit(s) in the back of the suit). This style is also the closest tailored to you. Its purpose was to turn the Italian, a traditionally stocky build, into a bigger, more imposing "upside-down triangle" shape with broad shoulders and a trim waist.
>An English cut removes some padding from the shoulders and is usually seen with 1 vent. These cuts aren't quite as trim as the Italian cut, and will do just fine as a primary wear jacket for 99% of people.
>An American cut is even more relaxed than the English cut, having the smallest shoulder pads and usually 2 vents. It's also the most loosely-fitted.
In the end, they all function the same and it comes down to personal taste. If you like to feel bigger, or if you like to come off as more relaxed. Play with different cuts to see how they fit on you.
The Formal Shirt
Button-down shirts are available in a million different colors, patterns, and textures. For the beginner:
>regarding collar
There are generally two types of collars you can find in stores today: Ones with buttons and ones without. For your formal attire, avoid the buttoned collar. It has a tendency to look a little tacky.
>Regarding color
You can never, ever go wrong with a crisp white shirt. I cannot stress this enough, a white shirt is your cure-all. You can experiment with colors though - don't be afraid to "pop" - just bear in mind it's usually a good idea to keep your shirt a lighter color than your jacket.
>regarding pattern
Whatever the pattern on your jacket is, use the other for your shirt - don't wear stripes with stripes, or solids with solids. One of one, one of the other. Contrasts are interesting to the eye and make you look more dynamic. It's also simply more difficult to match two of the same pattern because they tend to blend together into a single amorphous blob.
The Formal Slack
Just make sure it matches your jacket. Stripes with stripes, solid with solid. If the jacket's gray, make the slacks gray. This is why suits are generally sold as pairs. For semi-formal affairs, you can get away with wearing solid slacks under a striped jacket, though.