Dumping some essays I've written here.
They were early assignments, don't expect much.
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What were the causes and effects of the dissolution of Rhodesia?
This essay sets out to examine some of the major causes and effects of the dissolution of Rhodesia,
the primary focus being on the changes of government administration and external/internal affairs. As a relatively recent event in history, it is quite difficult to uncover the whole truth of the matter given the absurd amount of canvassing and slander the country and it's people have recieved. This, while making things more difficult, also makes it a prime piece of history to study, given the controversy and firm standpoints surrounding it – made all the more incendiary by how recent it was; it is in fact "living history" in that the repercussions are still being felt today (16th of July, 2015 – Mugabe pleads for white farmers to return as the native populace cannot feed themselves, having driven out the white farmers out decades previously1).
This essay will explore some of that controversy, starting with the causes of the dissolution of Rhodesia – the ideas, circumstances and events that led to the modern-day state of Zimbabwe. Then follows the effects of that tragedy (or happy ending, depending on your viewpoint) and finally concludes with some observations on the entire affair.
Rhodesia's circumstances following up to June 1979 were, despite war, terrorism and international embargo, surprisingly good – the native tribes well integrated into the country as a whole, their traditional practices and hierarchy fitting seamlessly into Rhodesian administration; "He (The tribal chief) plays a leading part in the development of his area through local government councils and community boards, yet there still remains a close personal relationship between him and his people."2. Education was proceeding apace, particularly in regards to the African populace – by 1970 there were 3,272 primary schools providing for 692,000 children, 90 secondary schools catering for 17,000 students and 21 teacher training colleges preparing over 2000 trainee teachers. As an effect and byproduct of all this investment into the native populace, Rhodesia held the highest literacy rate in Africa as well as the lowest poverty rate and no apartheid laws.
All this, despite being internationally isolated (the UN refused to recognise the country and put in place the first economic sanctions, as well as actively helping Rhodesia's enemies – only South Africa and Portugal stood with Rhodesia) from 1965 (date of the unilateral declaration of independance) and fighting the Bush War from the 1960s until the end.
The Bush War was initiated in the 1960s by Nkomo and Mugabe, heading their respective parties/terrorist organisations of ZAPU and ZANU (Zimbabwe African People's Union and Zimbabwe African National Union) to carry out attacks on Rhodesia. The war was only ended after Mugabe took control of Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
The principle cause for the dissolution of Rhodesia was the Internal Settlement and the Lancaster House Agreement: The settlement saw Ian Smith, who had been successfully acting as Rhodesia's Prime Minister for nearly 15 years, establish Majority Rule and hold a general election during April of 1979, in which moderate African Nationalist parties were allowed to participate. The leader of UANC (United African National Council) Abel Muzorewa was elected (with no prior political experience), wth Ian Smith staying on in the government to advise him.
International observers witnessed the election process and agreed it was free and fair, the result being that the Rhodesians (now Zimbabwe Rhodesians) hoped the international isolation would end… It did not. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 423 declared the internal settlement illegal, pushing the British government (pressured by other interested parties, the USA in particular) into forcing their hand. The only thing that would do to lift the sanctions was if Muzorewa immediately held another election and allowed the terrorists Nkomo and Mugabe to take part – this was the Lancaster House Agreement, which Lord Carrington, the British Foreign Secretary, forced Muzorewa and Smith (refusing Smith's advice not to go) into attending.
With no other option, the election was to go ahead, despite last ditch attempts at removing the problem – Operations Quartz and Hectic, which attempted to capture terrorist agents working to coerce the populace into voting for Mugabe, and assasinating Mugabe, respectively.
The failure of the operations led to Mugabe getting "elected" by means of fraud, manipulation and exploitation (one explanation could be in the voting structure – officially, tribesmen were to vote on a particular day, then Mugabe's goons told them that this day was specifically for voting for ZANU… So the majority voted for ZANU. Hearsay, however).
Abel Muzorewa held office for not quite seven months.