>>11076
It's to show how heinous the crime is. Also to discourage individuals from doing said crime as well. contrary to popular belief, the accused is to go through a trial system before punishment any form of punishment is given out.
Furthermore, Islam is fundamentally different from western values, in which it prioritize the community over the individual. Thus, crimes to the average westerner that seems small might be considered much greater in the eyes of a Muslim.
Adultery, for example, effects those around them than the participants themselves. Children, the one cheated on, birth of a b*stard child, and so forth. So it gets a harsh punishment which, iirc was 100 lashes. Stoning is only for repeat offenders.
Theft stemmed purely form one person's greed is punished by the removal of the hand. Theft out of necessity is not punished at all, and if anything there will be a case against those who pushed them to that point.
Jizya the tax thing is the same as every other tax. Try not paying your taxes this year or ask your mom not too and see what your government does. It's only applicable to adult, able-bodied non-Muslims who do not want to participate in the army. We are not forcing you to fight and die for us in events that may occur due to religious reasons, but since we are also trying to prevent them from blowing up your house, a little compensation seems fair. Muslims kinda have a tax in the form of Zakat. A muslim is expected to give back the community, we have no such requirement from non-Muslims.
too tired to explain the rest, I'll finish answering the rest if I remember this thread.